C fputc() fgetc()

The fputc() and fgetc() are file input/output functions used to write and read individual characters to and from a file, respectively. These functions work with character-oriented input and output, allowing you to handle text files character by character.

Here’s a brief explanation of fputc() and fgetc():

1. fputc() Function:

• The fputc() function is used to write a single character to a file.
• It takes two arguments: the character to be written and a pointer to the FILE structure representing the file.
• Example:

c FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "w"); 
if (file != NULL) { 
  fputc('A', file); // Write the character 'A' to the file 
  fclose(file); 
}

1. fgetc() Function:

• The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
• It takes a single argument: a pointer to the FILE structure representing the file from which you want to read.
• fgetc() returns an integer representing the character read, or EOF (End-of-File) if the end of the file is reached or an error occurs.
• Example:

c FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "r"); 
if (file != NULL) { 
  int ch = fgetc(file); // Read a character from the file 
  if (ch != EOF) { 
    printf("Character read from the file: %c\n", ch); 
  } 
  fclose(file); 
}

Both functions are typically used within a loop to process characters one by one. Here’s a simple example that demonstrates writing and reading characters using fputc() and fgetc():

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "w");
    if (file != NULL) {
        fputc('A', file);
        fputc('B', file);
        fputc('C', file);
        fclose(file);
    }

    file = fopen("example.txt", "r");
    if (file != NULL) {
        int ch;
        printf("Characters read from the file: ");
        while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        }
        fclose(file);
    }

    return 0;
}

In this example, the program writes the characters ‘A,’ ‘B,’ and ‘C’ to the file and then reads and prints them one by one using fgetc().