C++ Operators

The C++ operators are symbols that perform operations on one or more operands (variables or values). C++ supports a wide variety of operators that can be categorized into different groups based on their functionality. Here are some of the most commonly used operators in C++:

1. Arithmetic Operators:

• + (Addition)
• - (Subtraction)
• * (Multiplication)
• / (Division)
• % (Modulus or Remainder)

1. Relational Operators:

• == (Equal to)
• != (Not equal to)
• < (Less than)
• > (Greater than)
• <= (Less than or equal to)
• >= (Greater than or equal to)

1. Logical Operators:

• && (Logical AND)
• || (Logical OR)
• ! (Logical NOT)

1. Assignment Operators:

• = (Assignment)
• += (Addition assignment)
• -= (Subtraction assignment)
• *= (Multiplication assignment)
• /= (Division assignment)
• %= (Modulus assignment)

1. Increment and Decrement Operators:

• ++ (Increment)
• -- (Decrement)

1. Conditional (Ternary) Operator:

• condition ? expr1 : expr2 (Conditional operator, also known as the ternary operator)

1. Bitwise Operators:

• & (Bitwise AND)
• | (Bitwise OR)
• ^ (Bitwise XOR)
• ~ (Bitwise NOT)
• << (Left shift)
• >> (Right shift)

1. Member Access Operators:

• . (Dot operator for accessing members of a class or structure)
• -> (Arrow operator for accessing members through pointers)

1. Other Operators:

• sizeof (Size of an object or data type)
• , (Comma operator, used to separate expressions in a statement)
• () (Function call operator)
• [] (Array subscript operator)
• & (Address-of operator)
• * (Dereference operator)

1. Type Casting Operators:
   • static_cast
   • dynamic_cast
   • const_cast
   • reinterpret_cast

These operators are used in various combinations to perform mathematical calculations, make logical decisions, and manipulate data in C++ programs. The specific behavior of an operator depends on the data types of its operands and its context within an expression.

Here are some examples of how operators are used in C++:

int a = 5, b = 3;
int sum = a + b;         // Addition
int diff = a - b;        // Subtraction
int product = a * b;     // Multiplication
int quotient = a / b;    // Division
int remainder = a % b;   // Modulus

bool isGreater = (a > b);  // Relational operator
bool andResult = (true && false); // Logical AND
bool orResult = (true || false);  // Logical OR
bool notResult = !true;           // Logical NOT

a++;          // Increment
b--;          // Decrement

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;  // Conditional operator (ternary)

int x = 10, y = 3;
int bitwiseAnd = x & y;   // Bitwise AND
int bitwiseOr = x | y;    // Bitwise OR
int bitwiseXor = x ^ y;   // Bitwise XOR
int bitwiseNot = ~x;      // Bitwise NOT
int leftShift = x << 2;   // Left shift by 2 bits
int rightShift = x >> 1;  // Right shift by 1 bit

Understanding operators is fundamental to writing C++ code, as they provide the means to perform various operations on data, control program flow, and manipulate memory at a low level.